- Trang chủ
- Thông tin
- Thông tin y học tiếng Anh
- Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease! Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. CHD is also called coronary artery disease.
Biên tập viên: Trần Tiến Phong
Đánh giá: Trần Trà My, Trần Phương Phương
See also:
Angina
Heart attack
Stress test
Unstable angina
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Coronary heart disease is usually caused by a condition called atherosclerosis, which occurs when fatty material and other substances form a plaque build-up on the walls of your arteries. This causes them to get narrow. As the coronary arteries narrow, blood flow to the heart can slow down or stop. This can cause chest pain (stable angina), shortness of breath, heart attack, and other symptoms, usually when you are active.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States for men and women.
Many things increase your risk for heart disease:
Men in their 40s have a higher risk of CHD than women. But as women get older (especially after they reach menopause), their risk increases to almost equal that of a man's risk. See: Heart disease and women
Bad genes (heredity) can increase your risk. You are more likely to develop the condition if someone in your family has a history of heart disease -- especially if they had it before age 50. Your risk for CHD goes up the older you get.
Diabetes is a strong risk factor for heart disease.
High blood pressure increases your risks of coronary artery disease and heart failure.
Abnormal cholesterol levels: your LDL ("bad") cholesterol should be as low as possible, and your HDL ("good") cholesterol should be as high as possible to reduce your risk of CHD.
Metabolic syndrome refers to high triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, excess body fat around the waist, and increased insulin levels. People with this group of problems have an increased chance of getting heart disease.
Smokers have a much higher risk of heart disease than nonsmokers.
Chronic kidney disease can increase your risk.
Already having atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries in another part of your body (examples are stroke and abdominal aortic aneurysm) increases your risk of having coronary heart disease.
Other risk factors include alcohol abuse, not getting enough exercise, and having excessive amounts of stress.
Higher-than-normal levels of inflammation-related substances, such as C-reactive protein and fibrinogen are being studied as possible indicators of an increased risk for heart disease.
Increased levels of a chemical called homocysteine, an amino acid, are also linked to an increased risk of a heart attack.
Symptoms
Symptoms may be very noticeable, but sometimes you can have the disease and not have any symptoms.
Chest pain or discomfort (angina) is the most common symptom. You feel this pain when the heart is not getting enough blood or oxygen. How bad the pain is varies from person to person.
It may feel heavy or like someone is squeezing your heart. You feel it under your breast bone (sternum), but also in your neck, arms, stomach, or upper back.
The pain usually occurs with activity or emotion, and goes away with rest or a medicine called nitroglycerin.
Other symptoms include shortness of breath and fatigue with activity (exertion).
Women, elderly people, and people with diabetes are more likely to have symptoms other than chest pain, such as:
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Weakness
See: Heart failure for symptoms of heart failure
Signs and tests
Many tests help diagnose CHD. Usually, your doctor will order more than one test before making a definite diagnosis.
Tests may include:
Coronary angiography/arteriography -- an invasive procedure designed to evaluate the heart arteries under x-ray
CT angiography -- a noninvasive way to perform coronary angiography
Echocardiogram
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) to look for calcium in the lining of the arteries -- the more calcium, the higher your chance for CHD
Exercise stress test
Magnetic resonance angiography
Nuclear scan
Treatment
You may be asked to take one or more medicines to treat blood pressure, diabetes, or high cholesterol levels. Follow your doctor's directions closely to help prevent coronary artery disease from getting worse.
Goals for treating these conditions in people who have coronary artery disease:
Blood pressure less than or equal to 140/90 (even lower for some patients with diabetes, kidney disease, and heart failure)
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels less than or equal to 7%
LDL cholesterol level less than or equal to 100 mg/dL (even lower for some patients)
Treatment depends on your symptoms and how severe the disease is. Your doctor may give you one or more medicines to treat CHD, including:
ACE inhibitors to lower blood pressure and protect your heart and kidneys
Aspirin, with or without clopidogrel (Plavix) or prasugrel (Effient) to help prevent blood clots from forming in your arteries and reduce your risk of having a heart attack. Ask your doctor if you should be taking these medications.
Beta-blockers to lower heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen use by the heart. These reduce the risk of arrhythmias and improve survival after a heart attack or with heart failure.
Calcium channel blockers to relax arteries, lower blood pressure, and reduce strain on the heart
Diuretics to lower blood pressure and treat congestive heart failure
Nitrates (such as nitroglycerin) to stop chest pain and improve blood supply to the heart
Statins to lower cholesterol
NEVER ABRUPTLY STOP TAKING ANY OF THESE DRUGS.
Always talk to your doctor first. Stopping these drugs suddenly can make your angina worse or cause a heart attack.
Procedures and surgeries used to treat CHD include:
Angioplasty and stent placement, called percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs)
Coronary artery bypass surgery
Minimally invasive heart surgery
Lifestyle changes are very important. Your doctor may tell you to:
Avoid or reduce the amount of salt (sodium) you eat
Eat a heart healthy diet -- one that is low in saturated fats, cholesterol, and trans fats
Get regular exercise and maintain a healthy weight
Keep your blood sugar strictly under control if you have diabetes
Stop smoking
See also: Healthy heart diet
Expectations (prognosis)
Everyone recovers differently. Some people can maintain a healthy life by changing their diet, stopping smoking, and taking medications exactly as the doctor prescribes. Others may need medical procedures such as angioplasty or surgery.
Although everyone is different, early detection of CHD generally results in a better outcome.
Complications
Heart attack
Heart failure
Unstable angina
Sudden death
Calling your health care provider
If you have any of the risk factors for CHD, contact your doctor to discuss prevention and possible treatment.
Immediately contact your health care provider, call the local emergency number (such as 911), or go to the emergency room if you have:
Angina
Shortness of breath
Symptoms of a heart attack
Prevention
See your health care provider regularly.
Tips for preventing CHD or lowering your risk of the disease:
Avoid or reduce stress as best as you can.
Don't smoke.
Eat well-balanced meals that are low in fat and cholesterol and include several daily servings of fruits and vegetables.
Get regular exercise. If your weight is considered normal, get at least 30 minutes of exercise every day. If you are overweight or obese, experts say you should get 60 - 90 minutes of exercise every day.
Keep your blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg if you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, and below 140/90 otherwise
Keep your cholesterol and blood sugar under control.
Moderate amounts of alcohol (one glass a day for women, two for men) may reduce your risk of cardiovascular problems. However, drinking larger amounts does more harm than good.
If you have one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, talk to your doctor about possibly taking an aspirin a day to help prevent a heart attack or stroke. You may be prescribed low-dose aspirin therapy if the benefit is likely to outweigh the risk of gastrointestinal side effects.
New guidelines no longer recommend hormone replacement therapy, vitamins E or C, antioxidants, or folic acid to prevent heart disease. The use of hormone replacement therapy in women who are close to menopause or who have finished menopause is controversial at this time.
Nguồn: ncbi
Bài viết cùng chuyên mục
Động từ tiếng Anh (V ing, V ed) dùng làm tính từ
Phân từ 2 (V-ed) được dùng làm tính từ khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là đố i tượng nhận sự tác động của hành động. Câu có tính từ ở dạng P2 thường có nguồn gốc từ những câu bị động.
Yoga helps addicts, homeless find peace
Sylvia hopes the class, which she teaches free of charge with Jocelyn Stern, helps the participants focus less on life’s problems, and more on the solutions they can find in themselves
Exercise at Work
Taking the stairs when you can, parking further away from the door and walking around the office when you can are good places to start
Các cụm từ nối mang tính quan hệ nhân quả trong tiếng Anh
Trong cấu trúc này người ta dùng so that với nghĩa sao cho, để cho. Sau so that phải là một mệnh đề hoàn chỉnh có cả S và V. Động từ ở mệnh đề sau so that phải lùi một thời so với thời của động từ ở mệnh đề chính.
Các dạng so sánh của tính từ và phó từ trong tiếng Anh
Đối với các tính từ có hậu tố -ed, -ful, -ing, -ish, -ous cũng biến đổi bằng cách thêm more cho dù chúng là tính từ dài hay ngắn (more useful, more boring, more cautious).
Dạng câu hỏi trong tiếng Anh
Trong câu hỏi đuôi, người đặt câu hỏi đưa ra một mệnh đề (mệnh đề chính) nhưng không hoàn toàn chắc chắn về tính đúng / sai của mệnh đề đó, do vậy họ dùng câu hỏi dạng này để kiểm chứng về mệnh đề đưa ra.
Female condoms range from 'strange' to 'natural'
After a second version of the female condom was approved by the FDA in 2009, HIV/AIDS health campaigns began distributing them
Mệnh đề thể hiện sự nhượng bộ trong tiếng Anh
Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successíul businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has bad grades.
Dùng trợ động từ để diễn đạt tình huống quá khứ tiếng Anh (modal perfective)
Chỉ một kết luận logic dựa trên những hiện tượng có đã xảy ra ở quá khứ (nghĩa 2 của must ở phần trên). Chú ý rằng không bao giờ dùng cấu trúc này với nghĩa 1
Sử dụng to know, to know how trong tiếng Anh
Đằng sau to know how cũng có thể dùng một mệnh đề để diễn đạt khả năng hoặc sự bắt buộc. At a glance, she knew how she could solve this math problem.
Ebola Virus Infection
Ebola isn’t as contagious as more common viruses like colds, influenza, or measles. It spreads to people by contact with the skin or bodily fluids of an infected animal, like a monkey, chimp, or fruit bat.
Dùng One và You trong tiếng Anh
Lưu ý một số người do cẩn thận muốn tránh phân biệt nam/ nữ đã dùng he or she, his or her nhưng điều đó là không cần thiết
Sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ tiếng Anh
Các cụm từ sau cùng với các danh từ đi theo sau nó tạo nên hiện tường đồng chủ ngữ, Chúng đứng giữa chủ ngữ và động từ, phân tách khỏi 2 thành phần đó bởi dấu phảy
Erectile dysfunction? Try losing weight
A new Australian study, published Friday in the Journal of Sexual Medicine, found that losing just 5% to 10% of body weight over a two-month period improved the erectile function
5 questions to ask before having penis surgery
Seaton s experience is certainly rare, surgery on the penis isn t. While good statistics are hard to find, tens of thousands of men in the United States get circumcised as adults.
Alcohol and Weight Gain
Having a full glass of water between alcoholic drinks can both help you avoid drinking too much and keep you hydrated. That may help avoid a hangover the next day
Một số ngữ động từ tiếng Anh thường gặp trong chuyên y
Đó là những động từ kết hợp với 1, 2 hoặc đôi khi 3 giới từ, khi kết hợp ở dạng như vậy ngữ nghĩa của chúng thay đổ i hẳn so với nghĩa ban đầu.
Mẫu câu tiếng Anh sử dụng tại phòng khám mắt
Nếu cần phải đi khám mắt, những mẫu câu sau đây là rất hữu ích để sử dụng.
Japan nuclear health risks low, wont blow abroad
Health risks from Japans quake hit nuclear power reactors seem fairly low and winds are likely to carry any contamination out to the Pacific without threatening other nations, experts say
Những từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn trong tiếng Anh
Đó là những từ rất dễ gây nhầm lẫn về cách viết, ngữ nghĩa, chính tả hoặc phát âm.
When a woman doesn't ant sex
The progress toward a drug that could boost women s libido has also sparked more conversation, including responses to a recent CNNHealth blog.
Các trợ động từ (Modal Auxiliaries) tiếng Anh
Các từ đặt trong ngoặc là các động từ bán hình thái. Chúng có vai trò và ý nghĩa giống như các trợ động từ hình thái nhưng về ngữ pháp thì không giống, bởi vì chúng biến đổ i theo ngôi và số
Lối nói bao hàm (inclusive) trong tiếng Anh
Không được nhầm thành ngữ này với as well as của hiện tượng đồng chủ ngữ mang nghĩa cùng với.
Một số cấu trúc cầu khiến (causative) trong tiếng Anh
Nếu tân ngữ của make là một động từ nguyên thể thì phải đặt it giữa make và tính từ, đặt động từ ra phía đằng sau: make it + adj + Vas object.
Một số động từ đặc biệt (need, dare, to be, get) trong tiếng Anh
You needn’t apply for a visa to visit France if you hold a EU passport, but if you are not an EU citizen, you mustnT unless you have a visa.
